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Naveen Rao: 4D Computing, AI's Energy Wall & Beating Biology

All-In Podcast · Sep 21, 2026 · Industry Trends

AI chip founder Naveen Rao argues new hardware substrates are needed to build true intelligence.

“We need innovation on the hardware substrate to actually build true intelligence.”

Naveen Rao, a serial AI-chip founder (Nirvana Systems sold to Intel), makes the case that current hardware is insufficient and that new compute substrates are required to reach true machine intelligence. It signals continued investor and founder emphasis on the hardware layer as the bottleneck for AI progress, but the transcript is largely biographical and light on concrete announcements.

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